编辑“時間知覺”（章节）

===年龄的变化===
心理学家发现对时间的感知随年龄增长加快。这往往使人随年龄增长把同一段时间估计得越来越短。这个变化可能是由于大脑的老化导致的，比如老年大脑分泌的多巴胺比较少，但是其最终原因还有争议<ref name="pmid18794529">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dreher JC, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Berman KF | title = Age-related changes in midbrain dopaminergic regulation of the human reward system | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 39 | pages = 15106–11 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18794529 | pmc = 2567500 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0802127105 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16901542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bäckman L, Nyberg L, Lindenberger U, Li SC, Farde L | title = The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: current status and future prospects | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 791–807 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16901542 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.005 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8806025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meck WH | title = Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception | journal = Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research | volume = 3 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 227–42 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8806025 | doi = 10.1016/0926-6410(96)00009-2 | url = http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homePage/Class/Psy355/Gilden/meck.pdf | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029135616/http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy355/Gilden/meck.pdf | archivedate = 2013-10-29 }}</ref>。一个试验比较一群19到24岁的人和一群60到80岁的人对三分钟时间的估计。试验发现年轻人平均在3分钟3秒钟后估计到3分钟过去了，而老年人平均在3分钟40秒钟后估计3分钟过去了<ref name="newsci" /><ref name="urlRunning Late? Researchers Blame Aging Brain - New York Times">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/science/running-late-researchers-blame-aging-brain.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title = Running Late? Researchers Blame Aging Brain | author = Blakesell S | date = 1998-03-24 | work =  | publisher = New York Times | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2017-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170813013945/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/science/running-late-researchers-blame-aging-brain.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

非常小的孩子实实在在地“生活在时间里”，他们没有意识到时间的流逝。孩子要在主观意识到和回思一系列事件之间的关系后才意识到时间的流逝。随着孩子的注意力和短期记忆能力的发展孩子慢慢发展对时间的意识。一般认为这个过程与[[前額葉皮質]]和[[海马体]]的发展有关<ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="pmid23045653">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kolb B, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Li Y, Frost DO, Gibb R | title = Experience and the developing prefrontal cortex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 Suppl 2 | issue =  | pages = 17186–93 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23045653 | pmc = 3477383 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1121251109 }}</ref>。

对于一个11岁的人来说一天约相当于他生命的1/4000，对于一个55岁的人来说一天约相当于他生命的1/20000。这可能可以解释为什麼对于儿童来说时间比成年人似乎流逝得慢<ref name=alder>{{cite web | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies | title = Look how time flies . . . | author = Adler R | date = 1999-12-25 | publisher = New Scientist | accessdate = 2009-10-22 | archive-date = 2019-05-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190508143518/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>。短的时间好像与年龄的平方根的比例快<ref name = "Jo_DiLonardo_1994">{{cite news | last1 = Jo DiLonardo | first1 = Mary | name-list-format = vanc | title = Time Does Fly As We Grow Older | url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-02-06/features/9402060210_1_psychology-professor-adult-school-year | work = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = 1994-02-06 | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2016-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425120403/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-02-06/features/9402060210_1_psychology-professor-adult-school-year | dead-url = no }}</ref>。所以一个55岁的人觉得一年比一个11岁的人觉得的快2.25倍。假如长期时间的感受与人的年龄成[[比例]]的话那么下面的时间期会被感受为一样长：5到10岁，10到20岁，20到40岁，40到80岁<ref name="alder" />。

一个解释认为对于小孩子来说大多数外部和内部的体验都是新的，而对成年人来说大多数体验是重复。孩子们的注意力非常集中在此刻，因为他们必须不断地更改他们对世界的模型来适合外部的环境，对外部环境正确反应。而成年人很少更改他们的世界模型和外部重复。成年人不断体验同一刺激后他们的大脑把这些刺激当作“不可见”，因为大脑已经能够足够和有效地反应了。这个现象被称为[[神经性适应]]。因此成年人的大脑记录的记忆比较少<ref name="url_The_Buffer_Blog">{{cite web | url = http://blog.bufferapp.com/the-science-of-time-perception-how-to-make-your-days-longer | title = The science of time perception: stop it slipping away by doing new things | author = Cooper BB | date = 2013-07-02 | work =  | publisher = The Buffer Blog | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2013-08-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810003132/http://blog.bufferapp.com/the-science-of-time-perception-how-to-make-your-days-longer | dead-url = yes }}</ref>。其结果是成年人觉得时间过得快。