编辑“道德”（章节）

=== 道德自我許可 ===
{{main|道德自我許可}}
自我许可({{lang-en|moral self-licensing, moral licensing, or licensing effect}})，也称为道德自我许可、道德许可或许可效应，是社会心理学和市场营销中使用的一个术语，用于描述一种潜意识现象，即对一个人的自我形象或自我概念增强的信心和安全感，往往会使那个人较少担心随后的不道德行为的后果； 因此，更有可能做出不道德的选择和不道德的行为。<ref name=Sachdeva>{{cite journal|title=Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2009-04_20_4/page/523|journal=Psychological Science|year=2009|volume=20|issue=4|pages=523–528|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02326.x|pmid=19320857|last1=Sachdeva|first1=S|last2=Iliev|first2=R|last3=Medin|first3=D. L.|citeseerx=10.1.1.296.4489}}</ref><ref name="Merritt">{{cite journal|last1=Merritt|first1=Anna C.|last2=Effron|first2=Daniel A.|last3=Monin|first3=Benoît|year=2010|title=Moral Self-Licensing: When Being Good Frees Us to Be Bad|url=http://adam.curry.com/enc/20140824153442_monin2010compassonmorallicensing.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|volume=4|issue=5|pages=344–357|doi=10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00263.x|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529083243/http://adam.curry.com/enc/20140824153442_monin2010compassonmorallicensing.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref name=Khan2/><ref name=Clot>{{cite journal|author1=Clot S|author2=Grolleau G|author3=Ibanez L|title=Do Good Deeds Make Bad People?|journal=INRA-IDEI Seminar; Toulouse, France|date=December 2011|url=http://www.idei.fr/doc/conf/inra/papers_2011/ibanez_slides.pdf|accessdate=2012-08-09|archive-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218153925/http://www.idei.fr/doc/conf/inra/papers_2011/ibanez_slides.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="monin">{{cite journal|last1=Monin|first1=B|last2=Miller|first2=D. T.|year=2001|title=Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice|url=http://www.ask-force.org/web/Discourse/Monin-Moral-Credentials-Prejudice-2001.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=81|issue=1|pages=33–43|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.33|pmid=11474723|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430050738/http://www.ask-force.org/web/Discourse/Monin-Moral-Credentials-Prejudice-2001.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-30}}</ref><ref name="Blanken2015">{{cite journal |last1=Blanken |first1=Irene |last2=van de Ven |first2=Niels |last3=Zeelenberg |first3=Marcel |title=A Meta-Analytic Review of Moral Licensing |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |date=25 February 2015 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=540–558 |doi=10.1177/0146167215572134 |pmid=25716992 |s2cid=65216 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/57dc276cb749a78930b609f0d016601ab5b379bf |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040452/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Meta-Analytic-Review-of-Moral-Licensing-Blanken-Ven/57dc276cb749a78930b609f0d016601ab5b379bf |url-status=live }}</ref> 

因為人類的自然本性傾向於同情和道德，所以有追求道德目的的責任感<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/children-are-naturally-prone-be-empathic-and-moral-university-chicago-study-shows|title=Children are naturally prone to be empathic and moral, University of Chicago study shows|accessdate=2018-10-02|work=University of Chicago News|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423080749/https://news.uchicago.edu/story/children-are-naturally-prone-be-empathic-and-moral-university-chicago-study-shows|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Who caused the pain? An fMRI investigation of empathy and intentionality in children|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573266|last=Decety|first=Jean|last2=Michalska|first2=Kalina J.|date=2008-9|journal=Neuropsychologia|issue=11|doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.026|volume=46|pages=2607–2614|issn=0028-3932|pmid=18573266|last3=Akitsuki|first3=Yuko|access-date=2018-10-02|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517200649/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573266|dead-url=no}}</ref>。我們或多或少、或偶爾會有一些不道德的行為，這種行為會危害我們的道德自我形象。然而，當我們從事不道德行為時，我們仍然覺得自己是一個道德個體。道德自我許可（Moral self-licensing）被用於解釋這種現象，指出自我形象的安全感增加了我們參與不道德行為的可能性。而當我們的道德自我形象受到威脅時，則可以從過去的道德行為中獲得自信心。我們越有自信心，對未來行為的擔憂就越少。實際上，這增加了人類參與不道德行為的可能性<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474723|last=Monin|first=B.|last2=Miller|first2=D. T.|date=2001-7|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|issue=1|volume=81|pages=33–43|issn=0022-3514|pmid=11474723|access-date=2018-10-02|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517200654/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474723|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Merritt, A., Effron, D., & Monin, B. (2010). "Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad". ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'', 4/5, 344–57. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514102759/http://wat1224.ucr.edu/Morality/Monin%202010%20Compass%20on%20Moral%20Licensing.pdf Archived copy]" (PDF). Archived from [http://wat1224.ucr.edu/Morality/Monin%202010%20Compass%20on%20Moral%20Licensing.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref>。Monin和Miller研究了道德自我許可的效應，發現當參與者獲得了一個證明其為非偏見者的證書時，儘管聽眾不知道他們擁有證書，他們仍更願意表達政治不正確的意見<ref name=":3" />。