编辑“需求层次理论”（章节）

==批評==
[[M·A·沃赫拜]]（{{lang|en|M. A. Wahba}}）與[[L·G·布里德韋爾]]（{{lang|en|L. G. Bridwell}}）曾針對馬斯洛的理論進行廣泛回顧，並沒有發現到任何證據顯示存有馬斯洛所定義的需求層次<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wahba | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Bridwell | first2 = L. G. | year = 1976 | title = Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory | url = | journal = Organizational Behavior and Human Performance | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 212–240 | doi = 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6 }}</ref>。

[[吉爾特·霍夫斯塔德]]則批評這種需求層次的排列（例如自我實現為最高需求）已經成為一種種族優越的表現<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hofstede | first1 = G. | year = 1984 | title = The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept | url = http://myweb.usf.edu/~jdorio/Articles/The%20cultural%20relativity%20of%20the%20quality%20of%20life%20concept.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Academy of Management Review | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 389–398 | doi = 10.5465/amr.1984.4279653 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112000247/http://myweb.usf.edu/~jdorio/Articles/The%20cultural%20relativity%20of%20the%20quality%20of%20life%20concept.pdf | archivedate = 2014-11-12 }}</ref>。馬斯洛的需求層次無法進一步描述社會與思想的需求，在[[個人主義]]社會與[[集體主義]]社會中是否有差異性。個人主義社會的需求，比起集體主義社會更偏向個人中心取向，常聚焦於自我改善、自我實現與極致地自我完善。在集體主義社會當中，認可與社群的需求會高過自由與個人的需求<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cianci | first1 = R. | last2 = Gambrel | first2 = P. A. | year = 2003 | title = Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Does it apply in a collectivist culture | url = | journal = Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship | volume = 8 | issue = 2| pages = 143–161 }}</ref>。

===方法===
馬斯洛研究了他所謂的模範人物，包含了[[阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦]]、[[珍·亞當斯]]、[[愛蓮娜·羅斯福]]與[[弗雷德里克·道格拉斯]]，不研究有[[精神病]]或[[神經症]]的人，寫下「對於殘廢、發育不良、不成熟與不健康的個案研究，將只會產生一種殘缺的心理學與哲學<ref>{{cite book|last=Maslow|first=A|title=Motivation and personality|url=https://archive.org/details/motivation00masl|publisher=Harper|location=New York, NY|year=1954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/motivation00masl/page/236 236]|isbn=0-06-041987-3}}</ref>。」馬斯洛研究了大學學生人口中前1%的最健康個案<ref>{{cite journal|title=Maslow's study of self-actualization: A reinterpretation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-humanistic-psychology_winter-1991_31_1/page/114|first1=W.|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|issue=1|doi=10.1177/0022167891311010|year=1991|volume=31|pages=114–135|last1=Mittelman}}</ref>。

===層級===
====全部層級====
研究对于[[亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛]]所描述的层级仅发现很少的证据<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0030507376900386|last=Wahba|first=Mahmoud A.|last2=Bridwell|first2=Lawrence G.|date=1976-04|journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Performance|issue=2|doi=10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6|volume=15|pages=212–240|language=en|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506123252/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0030507376900386}}</ref>。